System Thinking

System thinking is a holistic approach to problem-solving and decision-making that views systems as interconnected and interdependent elements that function as a whole. It recognizes that the behavior of a system is determined not only by its individual components, but also by the relationships between them and the environment in which they operate. System thinking encourages individuals to analyze complex systems by breaking them down into smaller parts and studying their interactions and feedback loops. By understanding the structure and dynamics of a system, individuals can identify leverage points and develop interventions that can lead to more effective and sustainable solutions. System thinking is widely used in a variety of fields, including business, engineering, public policy, and environmental sustainability.

Iceberg Model

The iceberg model is a metaphorical representation of the concept of culture, which suggests that culture is like an iceberg where only a small part is visible, while the majority of it lies beneath the surface. The visible part of the iceberg represents the observable aspects of culture, such as behavior, language, dress, and customs, while the hidden, underwater part represents the underlying, deeper aspects of culture, such as values, beliefs, assumptions, and worldviews. 

The model is often used to help individuals understand the complexity of culture and the need to look beyond surface-level differences to truly appreciate and understand another culture. It also highlights the fact that cultural misunderstandings and conflicts often arise when individuals fail to recognize and appreciate the underlying values and beliefs that drive behavior and communication. Therefore, the iceberg model encourages individuals to explore the underlying aspects of culture in order to promote effective communication, collaboration, and cultural sensitivity.